Volume 89, Issue 3 / 2006

Content

Articles

Editorial

p. 157

Fußball und Gewalt - Entwicklungen, Erklärungsansätze und Prävention
[Hooliganism and Violence - repressive and preventive strategies]

Summary
Hooliganism and hooligans continue to attract significant attention by the media and policy makers. Hooliganism has been studied by English criminology from the 1960ies on, while in other European countries the interest in studying soccer violence emerged rather late with taking up theoretical concepts developed in England. However, findings as regards the development and the size of football hooliganism remain limited. But, they do not demonstrate that the enormous policy and media attention could be justified. What can be observed sofar is the emergence of a system of control of hooligans and related public order risks that is transnational and relies on information systems (covering individuals at risk) as well as a range of new control measures geared towards risk control.   

Keywords: Hooliganism, soccer violence, youth violence, repressive and preventive strategies

pp. 158-174

* * *

Football Hooliganism as a European and World Phenomenon

[in English language]

Summary
In this paper, an attempt is made using English data to describe and explain the emergence of the fan violence (»football hooliganism«) as a global problem. Popular and academic explanations of the issue are reviewed and the conclusion reached that: (1) Elias’s »figurational-process« approach sheds most light; (2) the concept of variable national »fault lines« helps to explain cross-cultural variations.

Key words: Football-related violence/murder; media (de-)amplification, (de-)politicization, explanation of football hooliganism, figurational-process sociology

pp. 175-192

* * *

Comparing Football Hooligans and Violent Offenders: Childhood, Adolescent, Teenage and Adult Features

[in English language]

Summary
The Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development is a prospective longitudinal survey of 411 London males from age 8 to age 48. At age 18, 39 males (10 %) admitted that they had been involved in football hooliganism. These males were compared with 50 convicted violent offenders, 85 convicted non-violent offenders, and 213 unconvicted males, on childhood (age 8-10), adolescent (age 12-14), teenage (age 16-18) and adult (age 32) features. The results indicated the typical life course of football hooligans from childhood to adulthood. The majority (85 %) of significant features of football hooligans were shared with violent offenders. In only 12 % of comparisons were there significant differences between football hooligans and violent offenders. It is concluded that there are more similarities than differences between football hooligans and convicted violent offenders.

Keywords: Football hooliganism, violence, longitudinal survey, childhood risk factors, adult life outcomes

pp. 193-205

* * *

Hooliganism in Cyprus

[in English language]

Summary
The paper first provides a brief historical account of the development of football in Cyprus, tracing its politicisation process. It focuses in particular both on the ethnic as well as the left- vs. right-wing ideological division among Greek-Cypriot teams and how the strong rivalry between teams in different cities and their groups of »ultras« underpins a lot of football spectator violence in the free areas of the Republic. After considering theoretical perspectives on football violence, the paper goes on to provide official data on the phenomenon in Cyprus and to report on legislative and administrative measures taken in an attempt to deal with it, noting the lack of empirical research. Findings pertaining to person and violent incident characteristics are then reported from a quantitative questionnaire survey of two-hundred »ultras« supporters from two left- and two right-wing teams. Finally, the paper reports findings from a qualitative participant observation study of the four groups of "ultras" supporters regarding their attitudes and behaviour on and off the terraces. The paper documents the relationship between football violence and the importance of fans’ identifying with a particular political ideology, a football team, and a city. In this sense, a ‘local’ theoretical approach is necessary for an adequate account of football spectator violence in Cyprus.

Key words: Football, violence, ideology, ultras, Cyprus

pp. 206-217

* * *

Fußball und Gewalt in Südafrika
[Football Hooliganism in South Africa]

by Mario Krämer

Summary

The article deals with football and violence in sub-Saharan Africa and South Africa, host of the World Championship 2010, in particular. The South African case study illustrates that hooliganism – that is, violence by spectators in connection with football matches – is no particular European but rather a worldwide phenomenon. Despite its occurrence since the early 20th century and in contrast to the extreme levels of different forms of violence in South Africa, hooliganism is fairly limited regarding its extent as well as significance in South African society. By an analysis of the historical development as well as contemporary forms of and actors in hooliganism the article intends to substantiate the arguments presented.

Keywords: Football (soccer), violence, hooliganism, South Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa

pp. 218-228

* * *

Hooliganismus in Deutschland: Verbreitung, Ursachen und Prävention
[Hooliganism in Germany: Origins and Prevention]

Summary

This article addresses the hooligan problem in Germany, in particular by presenting a study on the experiences of hooligan experts (e.g., from the police, football clubs, and social workers from fan projects) and on a sample of hard core hooligans. Although there is no quantitative increase in violence around football matches during the last decade, experts perceive a move away from the stadium into lower leagues and of more violence to non-involved citizens and the police. It is also perceived that the violence became more brutal and less oriented towards the hooligan »code of honor«. However, our data question whether such rules had really been followed in the past. Similarly, there is not much evidence for the so-called double existence of hooligans as normal citizens who work out their need for sensation and aggression in the context of football matches. In contrast to such a view, our hooligans show numerous problems in their family background, school and vocational career, and personality dispositions. Overall, a hooligan’s risk factors seem to be the same as for typical violent offenders in other areas of crime. Also contrary to stereotypes, most hooligans are interested in the sport aspect of football. Because of this they have been socialized into the hooligan subculture that overlaps with other violent subcultures. Within the group of hooligans, ringleaders seem to come from relatively »normal« biographical backgrounds but are more aggressive and intelligent than other members of the hard core and the wider circle. Regarding the practice of prevention and intervention, there is a clear deficit of controlled evaluations. According to the data available, both measures of repression and of social fan-work seem to have a moderate impact on indicators of hooliganism. Perspectives for the World Cup 2006 and further research are discussed.

Keywords: Football hooliganism, football/soccer and violence, subculture, origins, prevention, control

pp. 229-245

* * *

Fußballgewalt und Hooliganismus in den Niederlanden
[Football Violence and Hooliganism in the Netherlands]

Summary

This article presents an overview of violence of Dutch football fans. Based on the participating actors and the different forms of violence, two phenomena have been distinguished. On the one hand incidents of violence during or in the context of professional football matches and on the other hand hooliganism as a lifestyle. A description of the nature and scope is given, as well as some recent developments in football violence and hooliganism. It appears that because of tighter control measures during or around football matches, there is a displacement of violence between football fans towards other times and places. Consequently, this form of violence shows more planning, and is exercised by a more select group of football fans for whom football hooliganism is part of their identity. At the same time, there is a shift towards more verbal violence in football stadiums. Prevailing explanations are discussed in the last part of this article as well as the reactions to, and the prevention of violence of football fans. Typically Dutch is an integrated approach on the national and the local level. Dutch tolerance however seems to be something of the past.

Keywords: Football violence, hooliganism, prevention policies

pp. 246-262

Book Reviews

Antizipierte Strafverfolgung
Zum Regelungsstandort der Strafverfolgungsvorsorge unter Beachtung strafverfahrensrechtlich-funktionaler Aspekte

Hallesche Schriften zum Recht, Band 21, Carl Heymanns Verlag 2005, XIII, 270 Seiten, € 72,-

by Ulrich Eisenberg, Berlin

pp. 263-264

* * *

Lebenslange Freiheitsstrafe, Sicherungsverwahrung und Unterbringung in einem psychiatrischen Krankenhaus
Dauer und Gründe der Beendigung
Ergebnisübersicht zur bundesweiten Erhebung für das Jahr 2003

Wiesbaden 2005; www.krimz.de/forschung/texte/dauer03.pdf

by Alexander Vollbach, Moringen

p. 264

Internet-Addresses

So viel Strafrecht wie nötig, aber so viel Jugendhilfe wie möglich
Bundeskongress der Jugendgerichtshilfe in Kassel beschließt Resolution zum KICK

http://www.dvjj.de/artikel.php?artikel=705

p. 264